The Global Impact of Chip Shortage in Supply Chain

The Chip Demand Boom

Consumer demand for smart products has driven chip demand into the stratosphere. Tech analyst IDC wrote that worldwide semiconductor sales grew to $464 billion in 2020, an 11 percent increase over 2019. The trend is expected to continue. IDC forecasts another 12.5 percent in growth in 2021. 

According to ZDNet, personal computers and other consumer products have been behind the chip sale surges. Semiconductor shipments powering computing systems rose by more than 17 percent compared to 2019 due to increased remote work and online learning.

Rising Smartphone Demand

The introduction of 5G devices has accelerated the demand for smartphones. ZDNet wrote that IDC forecasts that revenue from chips powering mobile phones will grow by 23.3 percent in 2021 to reach $147 billion. "5G phones capture 34% of all mobile phone shipments while semiconductors for 5G phones will capture nearly two-thirds of the revenue in the segment," said Phil Solis, research director for connectivity and smartphone semiconductors at IDC. 

The timing of the chip shortage is presenting supply chain issues. For example, customers who tried to buy the new Apple iPhone 12 Pro had a three-week wait, and Samsung and Xiaomi may delay releasing their latest models. 

The chip shortage also impacts manufacturers of home appliances powered by simple processors, such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines.

The Supply Chain Squeeze

Because 80 percent of chips are manufactured outside the U.S., the COVID-19 pandemic hit the supply chain hard, said Ivan Drury, Edmunds' senior manager of insights for automotive information, in a recent Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article. Weather and environmental issues have also played a role in disrupting production. A drought slowed chip production in Taiwan, and Texas chip manufacturers were affected by last year's winter storm. The article said a fire at a chip factory in Naka, Japan, added to the industry's woes.

"Something so small, but so crucial, can disrupt the industry," Drury said. "Now we're finally seeing the repercussions … it's highlighting that, yes, we live in a global economy. But at the same time, when something gets disrupted in any way, shape, or form, this is that trickle-down effect."

Automobile Dealers Feel the Pain

The auto industry perhaps has felt the chip shortage most acutely in terms of being unable to equip new vehicles.

During the pandemic, countries worldwide imposed new public health rules, automakers cut output, and car dealerships and showrooms closed. As sales dried up, the industry's OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) scaled back orders for semiconductor chips. Now that demand is back, ramping up production has taken time to catch up. 

According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, computer chips in newer vehicles perform critical functions such as acceleration, navigation displays, backup cameras, anti-lock and emergency brakes, and other functions. If chips are not available, finished cars sit idle.

According to Wired, the shortage has hit auto manufacturers worldwide:

• Ford – Stopped production in Kentucky in December 2020, and ordered a month-long pause at a German factory the following month 
• Stellantis – The maker of Fiat, Chrysler, and Peugeot reduced output at factories in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada 
• Audi – Idled 10,000 employees in Germany 
• Mazda – Announced it might have to cut output by 34,000 units in 2021 due to a lack of chips.
• Nissan – Its truck factory in Mississippi reduced its hours
• GM – Announced it would halt production at factories in Kansas, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea
• Subaru's Gunma factory in Japan has been affected, as well as Toyota's Tundra production facility in Texas

Matt DeLorenzo, senior managing editor of Kelley Blue Book, said chips for autos aren't as profitable as computer or phone chips, so they're lower on the priority list. Due to the shortage, manufacturers are starting to remove digital displays in favor of physical dials to use fewer chips and get the vehicles out the door and onto car lots. 

In the meantime, shortages should continue through the next couple of years. Last May, German semiconductor producer Infineon Technologies AG forecasted that microchip supply bottlenecks could continue into 2022.

Fortunately, chip manufacturers are investing heavily to ramp up production to alleviate supply chain issues. According to Bloomberg, well over half a trillion dollars of capital was committed to semiconductor fabrication, with $450 billion from Samsung, around $130 billion in President Biden's infrastructure spending, and another $100 billion from Taiwan's Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC).

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