Challenges of Big Data: Basic Concepts, Case Study, and More

What Is Big Data?

To get a handle on challenges of big data, you need to know what the word "Big Data" means. When we hear "Big Data," we might wonder how it differs from the more common "data." The term "data" refers to any unprocessed character or symbol that can be recorded on media or transmitted via electronic signals by a computer. Raw data, however, is useless until it is processed somehow.

Before we jump into the challenges of Big Data, let’s start with the five ‘V’s of Big Data.

The Five ‘V’s of Big Data

Big Data is simply a catchall term used to describe data too large and complex to store in traditional databases. The “five ‘V’s” of Big Data are:

• Volume – The amount of data generated
• Velocity - The speed at which data is generated, collected and analyzed
• Variety - The different types of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data
• Value - The ability to turn data into useful insights
• Veracity - Trustworthiness in terms of quality and accuracy 

What Does Facebook Do with Its Big Data?

Facebook collects vast volumes of user data (in the range of petabytes, or 1 million gigabytes) in the form of comments, likes, interests, friends, and demographics. Facebook uses this information in a variety of ways:

• To create personalized and relevant news feeds and sponsored ads
• For photo tag suggestions
• Flashbacks of photos and posts with the most engagement
• Safety check-ins during crises or disasters

Next up, let us look at a Big Data case study, understand it’s nuances and then look at some of the challenges of Big Data.

Big Data Case Study

As the number of Internet users grew throughout the last decade, Google was challenged with how to store so much user data on its traditional servers. With thousands of search queries raised every second, the retrieval process was consuming hundreds of megabytes and billions of CPU cycles. Google needed an extensive, distributed, highly fault-tolerant file system to store and process the queries. In response, Google developed the Google File System (GFS).

GFS architecture consists of one master and multiple chunk servers or slave machines. The master machine contains metadata, and the chunk servers/slave machines store data in a distributed fashion. Whenever a client on an API wants to read the data, the client contacts the master, which then responds with the metadata information. The client uses this metadata information to send a read/write request to the slave machines to generate a response.

The files are divided into fixed-size chunks and distributed across the chunk servers or slave machines. Features of the chunk servers include:

• Each piece has 64 MB of data (128 MB from Hadoop version 2 onwards)
• By default, each piece is replicated on multiple chunk servers three times
• If any chunk server crashes, the data file is present in other chunk servers

Next up let us take a look at the challenges of Big Data, and the probable outcomes too! 

Challenges of Big Data

Storage

With vast amounts of data generated daily, the greatest challenge is storage (especially when the data is in different formats) within legacy systems. Unstructured data cannot be stored in traditional databases.

Processing

Processing big data refers to the reading, transforming, extraction, and formatting of useful information from raw information. The input and output of information in unified formats continue to present difficulties.

Security

Security is a big concern for organizations. Non-encrypted information is at risk of theft or damage by cyber-criminals. Therefore, data security professionals must balance access to data against maintaining strict security protocols.

Finding and Fixing Data Quality Issues

Many of you are probably dealing with challenges related to poor data quality, but solutions are available. The following are four approaches to fixing data problems:

• Correct information in the original database.
• Repairing the original data source is necessary to resolve any data inaccuracies.
• You must use highly accurate methods of determining who someone is.

Scaling Big Data Systems

Database sharding, memory caching, moving to the cloud and separating read-only and write-active databases are all effective scaling methods. While each one of those approaches is fantastic on its own, combining them will lead you to the next level.

Evaluating and Selecting Big Data Technologies

Companies are spending millions on new big data technologies, and the market for such tools is expanding rapidly. In recent years, however, the IT industry has caught on to big data and analytics potential. The trending technologies include the following:

• Hadoop Ecosystem
• Apache Spark
• NoSQL Databases
• R Software
• Predictive Analytics
• Prescriptive Analytics

Big Data Environments

In an extensive data set, data is constantly being ingested from various sources, making it more dynamic than a data warehouse. The people in charge of the big data environment will fast forget where and what each data collection came from.

Real-Time Insights

The term "real-time analytics" describes the practice of performing analyses on data as a system is collecting it. Decisions may be made more efficiently and with more accurate information thanks to real-time analytics tools, which use logic and mathematics to deliver insights on this data quickly.

Data Validation

Before using data in a business process, its integrity, accuracy, and structure must be validated. The output of a data validation procedure can be used for further analysis, BI, or even to train a machine learning model.

Healthcare Challenges

Electronic health records (EHRs), genomic sequencing, medical research, wearables, and medical imaging are just a few examples of the many sources of health-related big data.

Barriers to Effective Use Of Big Data in Healthcare

• The price of implementation
• Compiling and polishing data
• Security
• Disconnect in communication

Challenges of Big Data Visualisation

Other issues with massive data visualisation include:

• Distracting visuals; the majority of the elements are too close together. They are inseparable on the screen and cannot be separated by the user.
•  Reducing the publicly available data can be helpful; however, it also results in data loss.
• Rapidly shifting visuals make it impossible for viewers to keep up with the action on screen.

Security Management Challenges

The term "big data security" is used to describe the use of all available safeguards about data and analytics procedures. Both online and physical threats, including data theft, denial-of-service assaults, ransomware, and other malicious activities, can bring down an extensive data system.

Cloud Security Governance Challenges

It consists of a collection of regulations that must be followed. Specific guidelines or rules are applied to the utilisation of IT resources. The model focuses on making remote applications and data as secure as possible.

Some of the challenges are below mentioned:

• Methods for Evaluating and Improving Performance
• Governance/Control
• Managing Expenses

And now that we know the challenges of Big Data, let’s take a look at the solutions too!

Hadoop as a Solution

Hadoop, an open-source framework for storing data and running applications on clusters of commodity hardware, is comprised of two main components:

Hadoop HDFS

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is the storage unit of Hadoop. It is a fault-tolerant, reliable, scalable layer of the Hadoop cluster. Designed for use on commodity machines with low-cost hardware, Hadoop allows access to data across multiple Hadoop clusters on various servers. HDFS has a default block size of 128 MB from Hadoop version 2 onwards, which can be increased based on requirements.

Hadoop MapReduce

Hadoop MapReduce allows the user to perform distributed parallel processing on large volumes of data quickly and efficiently.</p

Hadoop Ecosystem

Hadoop features Big Data security, providing end-to-end encryption to protect data while at rest within the Hadoop cluster and when moving across networks. Each processing layer has multiple processes running on different machines within a cluster. The components of the Hadoop ecosystem, while evolving every day, include:

• Sqoop
  For ingestion of structured data from a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) into the HDFS (and export back).
• Flume
  For ingestion of streaming or unstructured data directly into the HDFS or a data warehouse system (such as Hive
• Hive
  A data warehouse system on top of HDFS in which users can write SQL queries to process data
• HCatalog
  Enables the user to store data in any format and structure
• Oozie
  A workflow manager used to schedule jobs on the Hadoop cluster
• Apache Zookeeper
  A centralized service of the Hadoop ecosystem, responsible for coordinating large clusters of machines
• Pig
  A language allowing concise scripting to analyze and query datasets stored in HDFS
• Apache Drill
  Supports data-intensive distributed applications for interactive analysis of large-scale datasets
• Mahout
  For machine learning

MapReduce Algorithm

Hadoop MapReduce is among the oldest and most mature processing frameworks. Google introduced the MapReduce programming model in 2004 to store and process data on multiple servers, and analyze in real-time. Developers use MapReduce to manage data in two phases:

• Map Phase
  
  In which data gets sorted by applying a function or computation on every element. It sorts and shuffles data and decides how much data to process at a time.
• Reduce Phase
  
  Segregating data into logical clusters, removing bad data, and retaining necessary information.

Conclusion

Now that you have understood the five ‘V’s of Big Data, Big Data case study, challenges of Big Data, and some of the solutions too, it’s time you scale up your knowledge and become industry ready. Most organizations are making use of big data to draw insights and support strategic business decisions. Simplilearn's Caltech Post Graduate Program in Data Science will help you get ahead in your career!

If you have any questions, feel free to post them in the comments below. Our team will get back to you at the earliest.